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[[Valorik (Language)|< Valorik (Language)]]
[[Valorik (Language)|< Valorik (Language)]]
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= Valorik Grammar and Function Words =
= Valorik Grammar and Function Words =


== Word Order and Sentence Structure ==
== Word Order and Sentence Structure ==
Valorik follows a **Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)** structure, similar to English.  Adjectives and modifiers always follow the noun.
Valorik follows a '''Subject–Verb–Object (SVO)''' structure.   
Adjectives and modifiers always follow the noun.


; Example
; Example
:
:
oʊn fɛniː kɑɪlə 
''the big child''


ohn fenii kaile  ''the big child''
Articles typically precede nouns, and prepositions always precede their objects.


Articles are required before nouns (see [[Valorik (Language)/Grammar#Articles|Articles]]), and prepositions precede their objects.
== Articles ==
Valorik uses definite, indefinite, and demonstrative articles. 
Articles may be gendered using class prefixes.


== Articles ==
Valorik uses both **definite** and **indefinite** articles, as well as demonstrative articles (“this,” “that”), and each can be gendered as a prefix.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Meaning
! Meaning !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! IPA
!Feminine
!Masculine
!Neuter
|-
|-
|a/an
| a / an || zɛluːn || duːɹuːn || uːn || /zɛluːn, duːɹuːn, uːn/
|zeluun
|duruun
|pekuun
|-
|-
|the
| the || zɛloʊn || duːɹoʊn || oʊn || /zɛloʊn, duːɹoʊn, oʊn/
|zelohn
|durohn
|pekohn
|-
|-
|this
| this || zɛliːn || duːɹiːn || iːn || /zɛliːn, duːɹiːn, iːn/
|zeliin
|duriin
|pekiin
|-
|-
|that
| that || zɛlɛɪn || duːɹɛɪn || ɛɪn || /zɛlɛɪn, duːɹɛɪn, ɛɪn/
|zelaan
|duraaan
|pekaan
|}
|}


; Example usage
; Examples
:
* zɛluːn fɛniː – a (female) child 
* duːɹoʊn duːɹfɛniː – the boy 
* iːn pɛkə – this thing 
* zɛlɛɪn zɛlkə – that woman 


* zeluun fenii – a (female) child
== Pronouns ==
* durohn duurfenii – the (male) boy
Pronouns are marked for person, number, and inclusivity.
* pekiin pekuh – this (neuter) thing
* zelaan zelkuh – that mature woman


== Pronouns ==
Valorik pronouns are marked for person, number, and inclusivity.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Person
! Person !! Singular !! Plural (inclusive) !! Plural (exclusive)
!Singular
!Plural (inclusive)
!Plural (exclusive)
|-
|-
|1st (I, we)
| 1st || miː || muː || muːiː
|mii
|muu
|mui
|-
|-
|2nd (you)
| 2nd || nɛɹə || nɛɹəzuː ||
|nere
|nerezuu
|
|-
|-
|3rd masc.
| 3rd masc. || duːɹ || duːɹzuː ||
|duur
|duurzuu
|
|-
|-
|3rd fem.
| 3rd fem. || zɛlə || zɛləzuː ||
|zeluh
|zeluzuu
|
|-
|-
|3rd neut.
| 3rd neut. || pɛkə || pɛkəzuː ||
|pekuh
|pekuzuu
|
|-
|-
|reflexive
| Reflexive || mɛnɛm || ||
|menem
|
|
|-
|-
|indefinite
| Indefinite || kənuː || ||
|kunuu
|
|
|}
|}


; Inclusive
*Plural is formed by adding '''-zuː''' to the singular pronoun.*
: “muu” = we (including listener), “mui” = we (excluding listener)
; Plural
: add “-zuu” to singular pronouns


== Prepositions ==
== Prepositions ==
Prepositions always precede their object. Some common prepositions:
Prepositions precede their objects.


* dore – in
{| class="wikitable"
* zaaluh – on
! Meaning !! Form !! IPA
* meneth – under
|-
* keruh – with
| in || dʊɹə || /dʊɹə/
* delzuh – for
|-
* kaile – by
| on || zɛɪlə || /zɛɪlə/
* kraaduh – from
|-
* zenduh – to
| under || mɛnɛθ || /mɛnɛθ/
* belnuh – between
|-
* melva – through
| with || kɛrə || /kɛrə/
|-
| for || dɛlzə || /dɛlzə/
|-
| by || kɛɪlə || /kɛɪlə/
|-
| from || kɹɛɪdə || /kɹɛɪdə/
|-
| to || zɛndə || /zɛndə/
|-
| between || bɛlnə || /bɛlnə/
|-
| through || mɛlvə || /mɛlvə/
|}


; Example
; Example
:dore ohn fiina – in the house
:
dʊɹə oʊn fiːnə 
''in the house''


== Conjunctions ==
== Conjunctions ==
Conjunctions connect phrases, clauses, or words:
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Meaning !! Form !! IPA
* kuh – and
|-
* tsuude – but
| and || kə || /kə/
* oohde – or
|-
* methe – if
| but || t͡suːdə || /t͡suːdə/
* drelnuh – because
|-
* seshuh – so
| or || ʊdə || /ʊdə/
|-
| if || mɛθə || /mɛθə/
|-
| because || dɹɛlnə || /dɹɛlnə/
|-
| so || sɛʃə || /sɛʃə/
|}


== Interrogatives ==
== Interrogatives ==
Interrogatives (question words) typically begin a sentence:
Interrogative words typically occur sentence-initially.


* fenuu – who
{| class="wikitable"
* tsiinuh – what
! Meaning !! Form !! IPA
* vaaluh – where
|-
* zelvehtuh – when
| who || fɛnuː || /fɛnuː/
* menziide – why
|-
* tsuulenuh – how
| what || t͡siːnə || /t͡siːnə/
|-
| where || vɑːlə || /vɑːlə/
|-
| when || zɛlvɛθə || /zɛlvɛθə/
|-
| why || mɛnziːdə || /mɛnziːdə/
|-
| how || t͡suːlɛnə || /t͡suːlɛnə/
|}


; Example
== Tense and Verb Morphology ==
; fenuu sevliizuh? – Who speaks?
Verbs take a tense suffix.


== Tense and Verb Morphology ==
Valorik verbs use suffixes to indicate tense. The core tenses are:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Tense
! Tense !! Suffix !! Example !! Meaning
!Suffix
!Example Root
!Full Verb
!English Meaning
|-
|-
|Present
| Present || -vɔ || miː mɛnuːθəvɔ || I eat
| -zuh
|menuuthe
|menuuthuzuh
|(I/you) eat, am eating
|-
|-
|Past
| Past || -dɛ || miː mɛnuːθədɛ || I ate
| -duh
|menuuthe
|menuuthuduh
|(I/you) ate, have eaten
|-
|-
|Future
| Future || -gə || miː mɛnuːθəgə || I will eat
| -guh
|menuuthe
|menuuthuguh
|(I/you) will eat
|}
|}
Tense is always indicated by attaching the appropriate suffix to the verb root.
; Examples
* mii menuuthuzuh – I eat.
* mii menuuthuduh – I ate.
* mii menuuthuguh – I will eat.
== Negation and Questions ==
The negative particle **nethe** precedes the verb:
* mii nethe menuuthuzuh – I do not eat.
Yes/no questions are marked with the particle **ka** at the end of the sentence:
* nere menuuthuzuh ka? – Do you eat?


== Negation ==
== Negation ==
The negative particle **nethe** precedes the verb:
Negation is formed with the particle '''nɛθə''', which precedes the verb.


* mii nethe menuuthuzuh – I do not eat.
; Example
:
miː nɛθə mɛnuːθəvɔ 
''I do not eat.''


== Questions ==
== Questions ==
Yes/no questions are marked with the particle **ka** at sentence end:
Yes–no questions are marked with the sentence-final particle '''kə'''.


* nere menuuthuzuh ka? – Do you eat?
; Example
:
nɛɹə mɛnuːθəvɔ kə?
''Do you eat?''


== Additional Grammar Notes ==
== Additional Grammar Notes ==
 
* Adjectives follow nouns.
* Adjectives always follow the noun: ohn fenii kaile – the big child
* Articles may be omitted if context is clear.
* Articles and pronouns are not obligatory if context is clear, but often used for emphasis or clarity.
* Plural marking is optional outside pronouns.
* Plurals are often context-based; explicit plural markers (-zuu) can be added to pronouns or nouns for clarity.


== Example Sentences ==
== Example Sentences ==
 
* miː d͡zɛɹə ɔkiːtə – I love you.
* mii dzhera okii. – I love you.
* zɛliːn fɛniː zɛɪlə – this child is on (something).
* zeliin fenii zaaluh – this child is on (something)
* mɛnziːdə miː mɛlvədɛ? – why did I pass through?
* menziide mii melzefuh? – Why did I wait?


== See Also ==
== See Also ==
* [[Valorik Lexicon]]
* [[Valorik Lexicon]]
* [[Valorik Phonology and Orthography]]
* [[Valorik Phonology and Orthography]]
[[Category:Valorik Language]]
[[Category:Valorik Language]]

Latest revision as of 05:37, 12 December 2025


< Valorik (Language)


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Valorik Grammar and Function Words

Word Order and Sentence Structure

Valorik follows a Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) structure. Adjectives and modifiers always follow the noun.

Example

oʊn fɛniː kɑɪlə the big child

Articles typically precede nouns, and prepositions always precede their objects.

Articles

Valorik uses definite, indefinite, and demonstrative articles. Articles may be gendered using class prefixes.

Meaning Feminine Masculine Neuter IPA
a / an zɛluːn duːɹuːn uːn /zɛluːn, duːɹuːn, uːn/
the zɛloʊn duːɹoʊn oʊn /zɛloʊn, duːɹoʊn, oʊn/
this zɛliːn duːɹiːn iːn /zɛliːn, duːɹiːn, iːn/
that zɛlɛɪn duːɹɛɪn ɛɪn /zɛlɛɪn, duːɹɛɪn, ɛɪn/
Examples
  • zɛluːn fɛniː – a (female) child
  • duːɹoʊn duːɹfɛniː – the boy
  • iːn pɛkə – this thing
  • zɛlɛɪn zɛlkə – that woman

Pronouns

Pronouns are marked for person, number, and inclusivity.

Person Singular Plural (inclusive) Plural (exclusive)
1st miː muː muːiː
2nd nɛɹə nɛɹəzuː
3rd masc. duːɹ duːɹzuː
3rd fem. zɛlə zɛləzuː
3rd neut. pɛkə pɛkəzuː
Reflexive mɛnɛm
Indefinite kənuː
  • Plural is formed by adding -zuː to the singular pronoun.*

Prepositions

Prepositions precede their objects.

Meaning Form IPA
in dʊɹə /dʊɹə/
on zɛɪlə /zɛɪlə/
under mɛnɛθ /mɛnɛθ/
with kɛrə /kɛrə/
for dɛlzə /dɛlzə/
by kɛɪlə /kɛɪlə/
from kɹɛɪdə /kɹɛɪdə/
to zɛndə /zɛndə/
between bɛlnə /bɛlnə/
through mɛlvə /mɛlvə/
Example

dʊɹə oʊn fiːnə in the house

Conjunctions

Meaning Form IPA
and kə /kə/
but t͡suːdə /t͡suːdə/
or ʊdə /ʊdə/
if mɛθə /mɛθə/
because dɹɛlnə /dɹɛlnə/
so sɛʃə /sɛʃə/

Interrogatives

Interrogative words typically occur sentence-initially.

Meaning Form IPA
who fɛnuː /fɛnuː/
what t͡siːnə /t͡siːnə/
where vɑːlə /vɑːlə/
when zɛlvɛθə /zɛlvɛθə/
why mɛnziːdə /mɛnziːdə/
how t͡suːlɛnə /t͡suːlɛnə/

Tense and Verb Morphology

Verbs take a tense suffix.

Tense Suffix Example Meaning
Present -vɔ miː mɛnuːθəvɔ I eat
Past -dɛ miː mɛnuːθədɛ I ate
Future -gə miː mɛnuːθəgə I will eat

Negation

Negation is formed with the particle nɛθə, which precedes the verb.

Example

miː nɛθə mɛnuːθəvɔ I do not eat.

Questions

Yes–no questions are marked with the sentence-final particle kə.

Example

nɛɹə mɛnuːθəvɔ kə? Do you eat?

Additional Grammar Notes

  • Adjectives follow nouns.
  • Articles may be omitted if context is clear.
  • Plural marking is optional outside pronouns.

Example Sentences

  • miː d͡zɛɹə ɔkiːtə – I love you.
  • zɛliːn fɛniː zɛɪlə – this child is on (something).
  • mɛnziːdə miː mɛlvədɛ? – why did I pass through?

See Also

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